     |
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Tuesday, April 30, 2013
How Long Should You Spend on Making Tasks More Efficient?
Monday, April 29, 2013
Even Vinny Magalhaes can?t believe a judge gave him a round in UFC 159 loss to Phil Davis
At UFC 159 on Saturday night, Phil Davis showed off the best striking of his career. The NCAA Division-I champion wrestler clearly dominated Vinny Magalhaes in all three rounds on the way to a unanimous decision win. However, one of the judges thought Magalhaes won one round, and the score was 30-27, 30-27, 29-28.
It was a surprising score. It didn't take anything away from Davis' win, but it was odd enough that Magalhaes spoke up about it.
One insane judge gave me a round... I lost all 3 fair and square...
? Vinny Magalhaes (@VinnyMMA) April 28, 2013
Davis and Magalhaes talked trash to each other for months before their bout. Magalhaes left the bad blood in the cage, and was able to give himself an honest assessment moments after the loss.
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Sunday, April 28, 2013
Saturday, April 27, 2013
RSS Feed Search Engine - Real-Time Search Powered by FeedRank
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Source: http://www.rssmicro.com/rss.web?q=University
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Thursday, April 25, 2013
AMD Radeon HD 7990 review roundup: fast, quiet but no world beater
Now that the veil has been lifted from the AMD Radeon HD 7990, it's time for the usual enthusiast review sites to reveal their thoughts -- and benchmarks -- on the latest graphics card from Sunnyvale. As we've mentioned, the 7990 has effectively two 7970 GPUs on board, promising over 8 TFLOPS of power and the chops to handle full 4K resolution under maximum settings. However, it's a pricey little thing at around $1,000, which doesn't set it too far away from the competition and its unique cooling system means an airy case is a must. What do our sample of reviewers think? Find out in our roundup after the break.
Filed under: Gaming
Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/iqj4mCJYBNw/
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Wednesday, April 24, 2013
Mini Must-Have: Samuel Affleck?s Cool Sneakers
Jennifer Garner's little guy wears New Balance 542 sneakers while out and about with mom.
Source: http://feeds.celebritybabies.com/~r/celebrity-babies/~3/6FHdvKvlqUU/
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Tuesday, April 23, 2013
RI Hospital: Nearly half of older women diagnosed with UTI not confirmed in urine culture
![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](http://www.eurekalert.org/images/back2e.gif){kind=small}
Public release date: 22-Apr-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Ellen Slingsby
eslingsby@lifespan.org
401-444-6421
Lifespan
Unnecessary use of antibiotics in elderly women seen in emergency departments increases risk of unintended consequences, may promote antibiotic resistance
PROVIDENCE, R.I. Older adults represent an important and growing demographic in emergency departments (ED) across the country, with urinary tract infections (UTIs) being one of the leading causes for ED visits. In fact, UTIs, which can progress to serious health concerns, are the fourth most common diagnosis in women over age 65. But a new study at Rhode Island Hospital has found that many such women receive treatment for a UTI, but have no firm evidence of such an infection, resulting in the prescribing of unnecessary antibiotics. The study is published online in advance of print in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
The study, conducted by Leonard Mermel, D.O., medical director of the department of epidemiology and infection control at Rhode Island Hospital, and his colleagues found that collection of urine to rule in, or rule out, a UTI in this patient population is best done by inserting a temporary catheter into the bladder to collect the specimen rather than collecting urine by the so-called 'clean catch' method. Researchers found the latter method more often leads to contamination of the urine specimen.
"Our study had two important findings: elderly women presenting to emergency departments are often presumed to have a UTI and are treated as such, despite a lack of supportive evidence, and that collecting urine by the so-called 'clean catch' method more often leads to contamination of the urine specimen," Mermel said.
Often, a clinician in an emergency department will base a UTI diagnosis in great part on the patient's symptoms, particularly in older women for whom UTIs are common. While the patient will have completed a urinalysis, often by clean catch, the results are typically not available during the patient's visit to the emergency department. Therefore, the clinician will often prescribe antibiotics to treat the UTI, despite the fact that a diagnosis is not definitive.
The researchers studied the medical records of 153 older women who were diagnosed with a UTI during a visit to an emergency department. They found that only 57 percent of the 153 women who were given a diagnosis of a UTI actually had urine cultures that confirmed the diagnosis. Of the remaining patients whose urine studies did not confirm a UTI, 95 percent were administered or prescribed antibiotics in the ED. Inappropriate antibiotic use in the ED setting for presumed UTIs has been associated with antimicrobial resistance and undesired side-effects as antibiotics are the second leading class of drugs to cause adverse events, such as diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile (C-diff), in patients over age 65.
"Ultimately, we found that a large proportion of older women were overdiagnosed and overtreated for UTI," Mermel said. "Physicians assessing such patients cannot rely on non-specific symptoms such as confusion to confirm a diagnosis of UTI. More widespread use of straight catheterization in this patient population may reduce false-positive results of urine studies, thereby reducing unnecessary antibiotic exposure and may prompt clinicians to assess these patients for other etiologies to explain their symptoms."
Researchers said that further study must be conducted to determine if straight catheterization is truly the better method for obtaining urine for culture in this patient population, and to identify other strategies that will improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.
###
The study was funded by a grant from the Reynolds Foundation, awarded to co-author Lesley Gordon, MS, of the Alpert Medical School. Mermel's principal affiliation is Rhode Island Hospital, a member hospital of the Lifespan health system in Rhode Island. He also has an academic appointment at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, department of epidemiology and infection control. Other researchers involved in the study are Michael J. Waxman, M.D., Albany Medical College, N.Y.; and Luna Ragsdale, M.D., MPH, Duke University, Durham, N.C.
About Rhode Island Hospital
Founded in 1863, Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, R.I., is a private, not-for-profit hospital and is the principal teaching hospital of The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. A major trauma center for southeastern New England, the hospital is dedicated to being on the cutting edge of medicine and research. Last year, Rhode Island Hospital received more than $55 million in external research funding. It is also home to Hasbro Children's Hospital, the state's only facility dedicated to pediatric care. For more information on Rhode Island Hospital, visit http://www.rhodeislandhospital.org, follow us on Twitter @RIHospital or like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/rhodeislandhospitalpage.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 22-Apr-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Ellen Slingsby
eslingsby@lifespan.org
401-444-6421
Lifespan
Unnecessary use of antibiotics in elderly women seen in emergency departments increases risk of unintended consequences, may promote antibiotic resistance
PROVIDENCE, R.I. Older adults represent an important and growing demographic in emergency departments (ED) across the country, with urinary tract infections (UTIs) being one of the leading causes for ED visits. In fact, UTIs, which can progress to serious health concerns, are the fourth most common diagnosis in women over age 65. But a new study at Rhode Island Hospital has found that many such women receive treatment for a UTI, but have no firm evidence of such an infection, resulting in the prescribing of unnecessary antibiotics. The study is published online in advance of print in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.
The study, conducted by Leonard Mermel, D.O., medical director of the department of epidemiology and infection control at Rhode Island Hospital, and his colleagues found that collection of urine to rule in, or rule out, a UTI in this patient population is best done by inserting a temporary catheter into the bladder to collect the specimen rather than collecting urine by the so-called 'clean catch' method. Researchers found the latter method more often leads to contamination of the urine specimen.
"Our study had two important findings: elderly women presenting to emergency departments are often presumed to have a UTI and are treated as such, despite a lack of supportive evidence, and that collecting urine by the so-called 'clean catch' method more often leads to contamination of the urine specimen," Mermel said.
Often, a clinician in an emergency department will base a UTI diagnosis in great part on the patient's symptoms, particularly in older women for whom UTIs are common. While the patient will have completed a urinalysis, often by clean catch, the results are typically not available during the patient's visit to the emergency department. Therefore, the clinician will often prescribe antibiotics to treat the UTI, despite the fact that a diagnosis is not definitive.
The researchers studied the medical records of 153 older women who were diagnosed with a UTI during a visit to an emergency department. They found that only 57 percent of the 153 women who were given a diagnosis of a UTI actually had urine cultures that confirmed the diagnosis. Of the remaining patients whose urine studies did not confirm a UTI, 95 percent were administered or prescribed antibiotics in the ED. Inappropriate antibiotic use in the ED setting for presumed UTIs has been associated with antimicrobial resistance and undesired side-effects as antibiotics are the second leading class of drugs to cause adverse events, such as diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile (C-diff), in patients over age 65.
"Ultimately, we found that a large proportion of older women were overdiagnosed and overtreated for UTI," Mermel said. "Physicians assessing such patients cannot rely on non-specific symptoms such as confusion to confirm a diagnosis of UTI. More widespread use of straight catheterization in this patient population may reduce false-positive results of urine studies, thereby reducing unnecessary antibiotic exposure and may prompt clinicians to assess these patients for other etiologies to explain their symptoms."
Researchers said that further study must be conducted to determine if straight catheterization is truly the better method for obtaining urine for culture in this patient population, and to identify other strategies that will improve the accuracy of the diagnosis.
###
The study was funded by a grant from the Reynolds Foundation, awarded to co-author Lesley Gordon, MS, of the Alpert Medical School. Mermel's principal affiliation is Rhode Island Hospital, a member hospital of the Lifespan health system in Rhode Island. He also has an academic appointment at The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, department of epidemiology and infection control. Other researchers involved in the study are Michael J. Waxman, M.D., Albany Medical College, N.Y.; and Luna Ragsdale, M.D., MPH, Duke University, Durham, N.C.
About Rhode Island Hospital
Founded in 1863, Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, R.I., is a private, not-for-profit hospital and is the principal teaching hospital of The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. A major trauma center for southeastern New England, the hospital is dedicated to being on the cutting edge of medicine and research. Last year, Rhode Island Hospital received more than $55 million in external research funding. It is also home to Hasbro Children's Hospital, the state's only facility dedicated to pediatric care. For more information on Rhode Island Hospital, visit http://www.rhodeislandhospital.org, follow us on Twitter @RIHospital or like us on Facebook http://www.facebook.com/rhodeislandhospitalpage.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/l-rhn042213.php
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Monday, April 22, 2013
Sunday, April 21, 2013
Oregon juror jailed for texting during trial
SALEM, Ore. (AP) ? A judge in Oregon noticed an unexpected glow on a juror's chest while the courtroom lights were dimmed during video evidence in an armed-robbery trial.
The juror, it seemed, was texting.
Marion County Circuit Judge Dennis Graves cleared the courtroom and excused all jurors except 26-year-old Benjamin Kohler.
According to a news release from the Marion County Sheriff's Office, Kohler had no explanation for his actions.
Jurors in Oregon are given explicit instructions at the outset of each trial not to use cellphones in court.
Graves held Kohler in contempt, and Kohler spent most of Tuesday and Wednesday in the county jail. He was released Wednesday night.
Neither the nature of the text message nor its recipient was disclosed.
Kohler did not immediately return a phone call seeking comment Thursday.
An alternate juror took his place. Sheriff's spokesman Don Thomson said the trial ended Thursday with the defendant found guilty.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/oregon-juror-jailed-texting-during-trial-011450432.html
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Saturday, April 20, 2013
Boy Scouts' plan: let in gay youth, keep out gay adults
By Atossa Araxia Abrahamian
NEW YORK (Reuters) - The Boy Scouts of America on Friday proposed lifting a ban on gay scouts but maintaining a prohibition on gay adults from leading troops, a compromise that attempts to end a fight that has split the century-old American institution into bitter factions.
Reaction from scouting supporters ranged from outrage to limited approval. The biggest organization in scouts, the Mormon Church, said it was studying the proposal, leaving uncertain the outcome of a May vote by scout leaders that will set policy. Gay rights groups said continuing to bar gay adults was unacceptable, but they welcomed the change for youths.
"The general feeling is that this is a bad move," which could precipitate a major crisis, A.J. Smith, president of the Association of Baptists for Scouting, wrote in a website post, attempting to summarize Baptists' views. "This is about a concerted effort to bring down a cultural icon. We must brace ourselves for the long haul on this one."
The scouts' decision is a focal point of a heated gay rights debate in the United States, where polls show public opinion is fast moving toward greater acceptance and a core of social conservatives stridently oppose such change.
In the coming months, the Supreme Court will rule on whether to strike down parts of a federal law that defines marriage as the union between a man and a woman. In 2011, the military repealed a ban on openly gay soldiers.
The Boy Scouts proposal would create a situation where a gay youth could become a scout and then be forced to resign when he becomes an adult.
Scout leaders in 2000 won a Supreme Court battle over the right to exclude gays. There are more than 2.6 million youth scouts and 1 million adults, with faith-based groups sponsoring 70 percent of scout units.
If the resolution is approved, "no youth may be denied membership in the Boy Scouts of America on the basis of sexual orientation or preference alone," Deron Smith, the organization's spokesman, told Reuters.
But the policy is not changed for adults, the group said, and an internal document obtained by Reuters says that when youth members become adults, they "must meet the requirements of our adult standards" to remain in the group.
LONG STUDY BEFORE COMPROMISE
Smith said a parents in three of four U.S. regions opposed the current membership policy.
A report on the matter found religious groups linked to the Scouts were concerned with homosexual adult leaders, not with youth, and concluded "a change in the membership policy specific to youth only would be consistent with the religious beliefs of the BSA's major chartered organizations."
AT&T Chief Executive and Chairman Randall Stephenson, a Boy Scouts board member who had called for allowing gays scouts and a key corporate advocate on the issue, endorsed the new policy on youths but did not comment on banning gay adults.
"I fully support the BSA Executive Council's resolution to ensure all youth have the opportunity to participate in scouting and benefit from the life-long leadership skills scouting helps develop," he said in a statement.
Gay rights groups were quick to say the decision was not far-reaching enough.
"By refusing to consider an end to its ban on gay and lesbian parents, the Boy Scouts have missed an opportunity to exercise leadership and usher the organization back to relevancy," said Rich Ferraro, a spokesperson for GLAAD, which promotes lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Mormon church, which has more than 430,000 youths in scouts, "will take the time needed to fully review the language and study the implications of this new proposal," spokesman Michael Purdy said.
The Mormon church has consistently opposed gay marriage, and was a primary promoter of California's 2008 ban, known as Proposition 8. But recently it has emphasized respecting gay church members and declared that homosexuality is not a choice, reflecting changing attitudes among members.
"This was an exceptionally difficult decision as a business," said Patrick Boyle, whose 1994 book "Scout's Honor" examined sexual abuse in the Boy Scouts of America.
"They were stuck in a very bad spot with their constituents divided - constituents being the parents, and also the churches and the businesses that support the scouts."
The road to a decision has been long. In July 2012, the group's board voted to uphold the gay ban. Six months later, group leaders said they were mulling over whether to remove the national restriction, leaving local branches to decide whether to admit gays and lesbians. A final vote, expected in February, was delayed following a request from a coalition of 33 faith-based councils that represent about one-fifth of all youth members in the Boy Scouts.
Boyle notes that this reversal "shows how the gay rights movement has caught fire in the past dozen years."
Chuck Small, a BSA adult leader and the parent of 10- and 12-year-old scouts in South Carolina, welcomed the proposal.
"It's a hard and divisive issue, but what it comes down to is that we learn more from people who are different from us than people who are like us," Small said.
"I think it's a healthy thing, and I hope my boys are up to the challenge to accept people for what they do, rather than what they believe or how they're made up."
(Additional reporting by Chris Francescani and Aruna Viswanatha; Editing by Vicki Allen, Andrew Hay, Eric Walsh and Stacey Joyce)
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/u-boy-scouts-set-end-ban-gay-members-150711650.html
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Friday, April 19, 2013
ORU President Mark Rutland gives final address at university
By BILL SHERMAN World Religion Writer on Apr 18, 2013, at 1:49 AM??Updated on 4/18 at 5:51 AM
ORU President Mark Rutland: The outgoing president told students in his final address that when he arrived on campus four years ago, he was "afraid that I would just look old and stuffy. I'm not hip. I've got hips, but I'm not hip. I was afraid we couldn't find that connection. But the fact of the matter is, in four years, I feel a deep sense of love for you and from you."
A teary Mark Rutland addressed the students at Oral Roberts University for the last time Wednesday.The outgoing ORU president has been a popular speaker at twice-a-week chapel services for the past four years.
Before he spoke, students and faculty and board members, public officials and national Christian leaders talked about his influence at ORU, some in person and some by video.
Tulsa Mayor Dewey Bartlett said by video that Rutland brought ORU from "a very bad place to a very good place."
Alumnus Rick Fenimore said Rutland left a good and secure position to accept a job that "thrust him into chaos, and against all odds he managed to turn it around in just four years."
Dan Holman, representing the students, called Rutland "a real leader, and that's not something we see a lot of these days."
Rutland told the students that when he arrived on campus four years ago, he was "afraid that I would just look old and stuffy."
"I'm not hip," he said. "I've got hips, but I'm not hip. I was afraid we couldn't find that connection.
"But the fact of the matter is, in four years, I feel a deep sense of love for you and from you. We feel loved by the student body, and that's a wonderful thing."
Rutland likened his job at ORU to the maid who cleans his hotel room when he travels, a person who doesn't own the hotel.
"She just comes in and tidies up the room and leaves," he said.
"I felt that my job here was to be a housekeeper. ... Come in, tidy up and leave. I don't own anything; none of this is mine."
At the end of the chapel service, nationally known Christian television hosts James and Betty Robison of "Life TODAY" made a surprise appearance, walking onto the stage at Christ Chapel, where they hugged Mark and Alison Rutland.
The two couples have known each other for years and have ministered together.
James Robison called Rutland "one of the most gifted preachers on the planet."
Mark Rutland came to ORU after the resignation of President Richard Roberts. ORU was facing critical financial problems, a large debt and several lawsuits.
Under Rutland's leadership, and with donations of more than $100 million from the Green family of Oklahoma City, the university is now debt-free, and the campus has been extensively renovated. The new Armand Hammer Alumni-Student Center opened in January.
Rutland announced last year that he would step down after this semester to pursue other ministry opportunities in Georgia.
Bill Sherman 918-581-8398
bill.sherman@tulsaworld.com
Original Print Headline: Rutland gives final address at ORU
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Being Gay Won't Stop Player From Being Drafted In NFL
The bottom line in the league is winning, not sexual orientation. As longtime general manager Bill Polian says: "I just don't think it's important."
The topic of a gay player in the NFL Draft took center stage in the sports conversation when Manti Te'o competed in February's NFL Combine, even though Te'o says his fake girlfriend was not a cover for him being gay. At least two players say they were asked questions that seemed designed to discover their sexual orientation. It renewed the debate over whether an openly gay player can exist in the NFL.
One question that hasn't been directly addressed, though, is whether teams would shy away from drafting a player they privately know is gay. I am obviously not taking about an openly gay draft-eligible player, since we don't have one yet. With the 2013 draft starting April 25, I put this question to Bill Polian, a veteran general manager with the Bills, Panthers and Colts, whose teams won one Super Bowl and played in five others (he's the guy who drafted Peyton Manning). As a general manager, Polian was renowned for his excellent drafts. He is now an ESPN analyst, and is a great representative of the thinking of football front office people. I asked him:
You are a general manager and in the course of your pre-draft research you hear that a potential draftee might be gay. This person is not necessarily going to come out, but he is gay. If he fit your draft board needs, would knowing about his sexual orientation cause you to pass on him?
"No," Polian answered simply, as if the question was kind of silly and the answer obvious. When asked why, he elaborated: "I just don't think it's important. What a person does with their own time is their business, none of ours."
Polian's right. Winning is everything in the NFL. It's a high-pressure business where the right draft picks can mean a Super Bowl appearance and the wrong ones a high draft pick made the next season by a new general manager. There is not a lot of job security in the league as owners and fans have a win-now mentality. Entering the 2013 draft, there are 13 new coaches or general managers, who have one job -- winning. The idea that a team that needed a shutdown corner would pass on one who was rumored to be gay is silly. If a team did pass for that reason, I guarantee the next team that needed a cornerback would snap up this player immediately and thank their good fortune.
A player's sexual orientation could be one factor that teams weigh, not because they think having a gay player is a bad thing but more for the attention it would bring should that player ever come out. A well-regarded national NFL reporter, who asked not to be identified, put it to me this way:
"My impression from talking to people is that being gay would not disqualify players from being drafted by most teams, but most coaches would be more concerned about the potential distraction to the team the huge media attention and fan attention might create. They know it would be a story in every new city they went to during the season. That is a significant issue for coaches, though, so it's not one to be taken lightly. I don't think they'd worry so much about fitting in to the locker room and that stuff."
In an interview with Yahoo's Jason Cole, Falcons GM Thomas Dimitroff echoed that line of thinking: "As you know, I'm about as liberal a person as it gets when it comes to how people live. You just want to know how you're going to deal with something." While those concerns are valid, they are ones that can be dealt it once a player makes the team. In his 24 years as an NFL GM, Polian can recall only one case where a player's sexual orientation came into play prior to the draft.
"The only time I can remember it ever even coming up was many, many years ago and I can't remember who the player is now, but there were some rumors circulating about some player's sexuality," he said. "But it wouldn't have been of any consequence to me, I can assure you of that."
NFL teams do tons of due diligence on draft prospects and little escapes them, so I am sure that rumors about certain players crop up. For example, in 2007, Maryland offensive lineman Akil Patterson was interviewed by a scout prior to the draft. The scout asked Patterson if he was gay. Patterson was a bit stunned (his college assistant coach had told the scout) and he said yes. "We've got a lot of guys in the league who are," the scout replied. Patterson wasn't drafted, but he said his being gay had nothing to do with it (he was not in the best shape and his love of football had waned.)
Some coaches have known as far back as the 1960s that there were gay players in the league. Vince Lombardi had a gay brother, Harold, whom he loved and supported. In his biography of Lombardi ("When Pride Still Mattered''), author David Maraniss told how the coach privately rooted for the Packers he knew were gay to make the team each season to prove they belonged. If Vince Lombardi didn't care in the 1960s, no GM in 2013 should either.
Once a player is drafted, the question becomes the one everyone is asking -- can a player come out openly? Polian looks at it from the team standpoint.
"Certainly, any team I was with had a strict policy that race, creed, religion, sexuality had no business being involved in anything we do," he said. "We're all football players, we're all on one team. Why is sexuality any different than race? We don't allow race to be an issue.
"That said, every human being is different and I recognize that every human being has different views on things privately. In the work place, you hope those views don't come into play, but I'm realistic enough to realize that at least on the surface they might. But usually players respect people who can help them win, they respect people who are good guys and I think that over time within the building, over a short time, it would be a non-issue. In the press, I'm afraid it wouldn't."
If Polian was still a general manager and one of his players told him he wanted to come out publicly, he would offer him some simple advice that all 32 teams should heed:
"Just be prepared for the consequences that will occur in the media and maybe even among some groups of fans. But if you understand those consequences and you've made your decision in a reasoned way, you have every reason to expect and get our support. You're one of our players."
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Source: http://www.outsports.com/2013/4/18/4235610/2013-nfl-draft-gay-player-manti-teo-rumors
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Thursday, April 18, 2013
The Issues Of Computer Forensics Information Technology Essay
Computer forensics is the field of computer investigation and analysis to determine the possible legal evidence. Evidence is required in computer crime. Computer specialists can draw on a group of methods for noticing data that exist in a system, or recovering deleted, damaged or encrypted file information. Any information in this regard may help during an attack.
Computer forensics will help you make sure the overall integrity and survivability of your network infrastructure. Two types of data are to be collected in computer forensics. ?Persistent data? is stored on a local hard drive (or another medium) and is saved when the computer is turned off. ?Volatile data? is stored in memory that will be lost when the computer loses power or is turned off. Volatile data exists in Cache and RAM. Since volatile data lasts only for a particular time, it is necessary for an investigator to know the reliable ways to capture the data.
Common computer forensics cases are internet misuse, pornography in the workplace, illegal downloads, email analysis, data recovery, spyware analysis, IP theft, virus/malware infection, fraud, spoofed and threatening emails etc.
Ref :
http://www.computerforensics.net/forensics.htm
http://www.data-forensics.co.uk/articles/live_data_forensics.aspx
Techniques
Cross-drive analysis: A forensic technique that associates information found on multiple hard drives. The technique is being researched from several years and can be used for identifying social networks and for performing anomaly detection.
Live analysis: The examination of systems from within the OS using custom software tools to extract evidence. This is useful when dealing with Encrypted File Systems, in some instances, the hard disk drive volume is imaged (known as a live acquisition) before the computer is turned off.
Deleted files: A common method used in computer forensics is the recovery of deleted files. Modern forensic software does mostly have their own tools for recovering out deleted data.
Documenting the incident:
Documenting the scenario creates a permanent record of the investigation. It is done because we can exactly record the location and state of computers, storage media, other electronic devices and conventional evidence.
Documentation of the scene should be generated and maintained in compliance with your organizational policy.
Overall conditions and evidences should be documented in detail.
Ref:
http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/00206/index1.htm
Incident Handling:
Incident handling refers to the response that should be taken by a person or organization to the occurred attack. Careful and strategic response to an Incident will lead to partial or complete recovery, which otherwise may be a huge disaster.
The following sequence of steps should be performed in the case of any type of attack:
1) Preparation
In order to reduce the possible damage from an attack, some preparation is necessary. These practices contain backup copies of all key data on a regular basis, monitoring and updating software on a regular basis, and creating and applying a documented security policy. It is also very important to update anti-virus software in order to keep system security up-to-date.
Patch Management:
Many information security experts agree that a large percentage of incidents involve exploitation of a relatively small number of vulnerabilities in systems and applications. So patch management and updating software on a regular basis is a must for any organization.
Host Security:
All hosts should be hardened appropriately. Besides keeping each host properly patched, hosts should be configured to provide only the minimum services to only the appropriate users and hosts?the principle of least privilege. Warning banners should be displayed whenever a user attempts to gain access to a secured resource. Hosts should have auditing enabled and should log significant security-related events. Many organizations use operating system and application configuration guides to assist administrators in securing hosts consistently and effectively.
Network Security:
The network perimeter should be configured to deny all activity that is not expressly permitted. Only activity necessary for the proper functioning of the organization should be permitted. This includes securing all connection points, such as modems, virtual private networks (VPNs), and dedicated connections to other organizations.
Malicious Code Prevention:
Software to detect and stop malicious code, such as viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and malicious mobile code, should be deployed throughout the organization. Malicious code protection should be deployed at the host level (e.g., server and workstation operating systems), the application server level (e.g., email server, Web proxies), and the application client level (e.g., email clients, instant messaging clients).
User Awareness and Training:
Users should be made aware of policies and procedures regarding appropriate use of networks, systems, and applications. Applicable lessons learned from previous incidents should also be shared with users so they can see how their actions could affect the organization. Improving user awareness regarding incidents should reduce the frequency of incidents, particularly those involving malicious code and violations of acceptable use policies. Information technology (IT) staff should be trained so that they can maintain their networks, systems, and applications in accordance with the organization?s security standards.
Ref :
http://www.cwu.edu/~networks/intrusion_detection1.html#3
2) Detection and Analysis
While research is very important for minimizing the effects of an attack, the first post-attack step in Incident handling is the identification of an incident. Identification of an incident becomes harder as the complexity of the attack grows. One needs to identify several features of an attack before it can be properly contained.
Incident Categories
Incidents can take place in infinite ways, so it is insensible to develop comprehensive procedures with step-by-step instructions for handling each and every incident. The best that the organization can perform is to prepare generally to handle any type of incident and more particularly to handle common incident types.
Denial of Service:
An attack that prevents or damages the authorized use of networks, systems or applications by exhausting resources.
Malicious Code:
A virus, Trojan horse, worm or other code-based malicious entity that successfully infects a host.
Unauthorized Access:
A person achieves logical or physical access without permission to a network, application, system, data, or other IT resource
Inappropriate Usage:
A person violates allowable use of any network or computer policies
Multiple Components:
Single incident that encompasses two or more incidents
3) Containment of Attack
After the identification of an attack, steps must be taken to reduce the effects of the attack. Containment allows the administrator to care for other systems and networks from the attack and bound damage. After the attack has been contained, the next phases are recovery and analysis.?
Before the spread of the incident overwhelms resources or the damage increases it is important to contain the incident when it has been detected and analyzed. Most of the incidents require containment, so it is important to think about it early in the course of handling each incident.
Criteria for determining the appropriate strategy include
Potential damage to and theft of resources
Need for evidence preservation
Service availability
Time and resources needed to implement the strategy
Effectiveness of the strategy
Duration of the solution
4) Recovery
The recovery phase allows to assess what loss has been occurred and the post-attack status of the system. Once the user is sure that the attack has been limited, it is helpful to accomplish an analysis of the attack. The analysis phase allows the administrators to determine the reason of the attack, its success status and the best course of action to protect against future attacks.
After an incident has been limited, eradication is required to eliminate components of the incident, such as malicious code and disabling breached user accounts.
Ref:
http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/introduction-incident-handling
http://www.bankinfosecurity.com/articles.php?art_id=1724&pg=2
Computer forensic methods like Cross-drive analysis, live analysis are used to find the traces of an attack. A reasonable assumption is made with the obtained traces. Necessary measures are to be taken to stop from causing further damage (due to the attack) to the system.
Preventive measures such as Patch Management, Host Security, Anti Virus etc. are highly recommended. Efficient mechanisms for incident handling at the time of attack would reduce the impact to a great extent. If any data is lost or modified during the attack, it should be recovered.
Conclusion:
The usage of Computer forensic techniques to detect the anomalies in the System and to handle the scenario using Incident handling steps for eradicating the vulnerabilities and malware from the system and recovering all the valuable data which is damaged in the process.
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Parents can help their children avoid alcohol pitfalls during transition from high school to college
Apr. 16, 2013 ? Prior research has shown that the transition from high school to college is a particularly vulnerable time, associated with increased alcohol use and risk of negative alcohol-related consequences. While studies have examined the effectiveness of prevention programs to address this problem, few have examined which students may benefit the most. A study of student characteristics has found that parent-based interventions (PBIs) can be effective even among those students feeling high peer pressure to drink alcohol.
Results will be published in the September 2013 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.
"College matriculation is a vulnerable transition for many youth for many reasons," said Michael J. Cleveland, research assistant professor at the Prevention Research Center at The Pennsylvania State University and corresponding author for the study. "Increased freedoms and autonomy -- from parental control and from the structure of high school -- as well as instability -- as new friendships and romantic relationships form -- may lead to increased opportunities, and social pressures, for young people to experiment with alcohol and other substances."
Rose Marie Ward, associate professor of health promotion at Miami University, Ohio, agreed. "The transition from high school to college is constantly marked as a crucial time for alcohol interventions," she said. "PBIs stress that during this crucial transition period, communication between the parent and teen ? is highly important."
"The PBI we examined is designed to encourage parents to maintain communication with their son or daughter, consisting of an informational handbook that is distributed to parents of incoming students during the summer before matriculation," said Cleveland. "The handbook is fairly short -- about 22 pages -- and includes an overview of college student drinking, strategies and techniques for communicating effectively with teens, and tips on discussing ways to help teens develop assertiveness and resist peer pressure. The last section of the handbook is an in-depth discussion of the major reasons teens drink alcohol, including information about how alcohol affects the body. This section also addresses the issues of parent norms and permissibility with respect to alcohol use in their teens."
The researchers used data from a randomized control trial delivered to 1,900 incoming college students (988 females, 912 males) divided into four groups: non-drinkers, weekend light drinkers, weekend heavy episodic drinkers, and heavy drinkers. Student characteristics were: injunctive peer norms, which measured participants' perceptions of their friends' approval or disapproval of four specific drinking activities; descriptive peer norms, which asked participants to write how many drinks they thought were typically consumed on each day of the week by their close friends; and personal attitudes toward alcohol use.
"We examined these particular student characteristics because there is strong evidence that links these characteristics to increased risk of alcohol use," said Cleveland. "We wanted to see if these characteristics could help explain why the intervention works better for some students compared to others."
Results showed that injunctive peer norms were key, as was the timing of the PBI.
"Our study found the effectiveness of the PBI at preventing escalation to risky drinking was different for certain groups of students, and that these effects depended on when the PBI was delivered and whether or not parents were given a 'booster,'" said Cleveland. "We found that the strongest effects of the PBI were among students who -- although they themselves reported light to moderate use of alcohol -- reported very high levels of their friends' approval for drinking alcohol."
"These results demonstrate that during the transition into college, parents can still influence their teens' alcohol consumption patterns," added Ward. "Specifically, peer approval interacted with, or combined with, the PBI to predict drinking transitions. However, this study indicates that a PBI prior to the enrollment of college, and some times with booster information provided during the first year of college, is more effective than one provided after the teen starts college. PBIs are effective. This study emphasizes that their effectiveness may be determined by the beliefs of the teen."
"Our findings should be placed in the context of other evaluations of the PBI, all of which show that this intervention is a low-cost but effective tool that prevents escalation of drinking during this transition," said Cleveland. "The materials covered in the handbook are all strategies that parents can do. Both parents and peer groups are among the strongest influences on young adults transitioning to college; both continue to have influence even as young people transition from adolescence to young adulthood."
"Parents should remember that their opinion still influences their teen," said Ward. "Even if the teen has an established drinking pattern, the parent's communication concerning drinking can impact or alter the teen's alcohol consumption. At the same time, clinicians should remember that teens are still listening to their parents. When guiding a teen about their alcohol use, the clinician might encourage the teen to share materials with their parent and to have discussions concerning alcohol use, driving under the influence, drinking enough to pass out, or frequent heavy drinking. In short, the clinician might elicit the help of the parent."
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Michael J. Cleveland, Brittney Hultgren, Lindsey Varvil-Weld, Kimberly A. Mallett, Rob Turrisi, Caitlin C. Abar. Moderation of a Parent-Based Intervention on Transitions in Drinking: Examining the Role of Normative Perceptions and Attitudes Among High- and Low-Risk First-Year College Students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2013; DOI: 10.1111/acer.12126
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/bbmtRVY9jH8/130416161825.htm
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Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Feds seek clues in deadly Boston blasts
BOSTON (AP) ? The bombs that blew up seconds apart at the finish line of one of the world's most storied races left the streets spattered with blood and glass, three dead, including an 8-year-old boy, more than 140 wounded and gaping questions of who chose to attack at the Boston Marathon and why.
Federal investigators said no one had claimed responsibility for the bombings one of the city's most famous civic holidays, Patriots Day. But the blasts among the throngs of spectators raised fears of a terrorist attack.
President Barack Obama was careful not to use the words "terror" or "terrorism" as he spoke at the White House Monday after the deadly bombings, but an administration official said the bombings were being treated as an act of terrorism.
"We will find out who did this. We'll find out why they did this," the president said. "Any responsible individuals, any responsible groups, will feel the full weight of justice."
The bombs blew up seconds apart Monday at the finish line of one of the world's most storied races, killing at least three people, including an 8-year-old boy, and wounding more than 140 more.
The FBI took charge of the investigation into the bombings, serving a warrant late Monday on a home in suburban Boston and appealing for any video, audio and still images taken by marathon spectators.
A European security official said Tuesday initial evidence indicates that the attacks were not the work of suicide bombers.
"So far, investigators believe it was not the work of suicide bombers, but it is still too early to rule it out completely," said the official, who spoke from the United States on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak about the U.S. investigation.
The Pakistani Taliban, which has threatened attacks in the United States because of its support for the Pakistani government, on Tuesday denied any role in the marathon bombings.
The fiery explosions took place about 10 seconds and about 100 yards apart, knocking spectators and at least one runner off their feet, shattering windows and sending dense plumes of smoke rising over the street and through the fluttering national flags lining the route.
Blood stained the pavement, and huge shards were missing from window panes as high as three stories. Victims suffered broken bones, shrapnel wounds and ruptured eardrums.
Roupen Bastajian, a state trooper from Smithfield, R.I., had just finished the race when he heard the explosions.
"I started running toward the blast. And there were people all over the floor," he said. "We started grabbing tourniquets and started tying legs. A lot of people amputated. ... At least 25 to 30 people have at least one leg missing, or an ankle missing, or two legs missing."
At Massachusetts General Hospital, Alasdair Conn, chief of emergency services, said: "This is something I've never seen in my 25 years here ... this amount of carnage in the civilian population. This is what we expect from war."
As many as two unexploded bombs were found near the end of the 26.2-mile course as part of what appeared to be a well-coordinated attack, but they were safely disarmed, according to a senior U.S. intelligence official, who also spoke on condition of anonymity because of the continuing investigation.
WBZ-TV reported late Monday that law enforcement officers were searching an apartment in the Boston suburb of Revere. Massachusetts State Police confirmed that a search warrant related to the investigation into the explosions was served Monday night in Revere, but provided no further details.
Some investigators were seen leaving the Revere house early Tuesday carrying brown paper bags, plastic trash bags and a duffel bag.
Police said three people were killed. An 8-year-old boy was among the dead, according to a person who talked to a friend of the family and spoke on condition of anonymity. The person said the boy's mother and sister were also injured as they waited for his father to finish the race.
Hospitals reported at least 144 people injured, at least 17 of them critically. At least eight children were being treated at hospitals.
Tim Davey of Richmond, Va., was with his wife, Lisa, and children near a medical tent that had been set up to care for fatigued runners when the injured began arriving. "They just started bringing people in with no limbs," he said.
"Most everybody was conscious," Lisa Davey said. "They were very dazed."
The Boston Marathon is one of the world's oldest and most prestigious races and about 23,000 runners participated. The race honored the victims of the Newtown, Conn., shooting with a special mile marker in Monday's race.
Boston Athletic Association president Joanne Flaminio previously said there was "special significance" to the fact that the race is 26.2 miles long and 26 people died at Sandy Hook Elementary School.
One of the city's biggest annual events, the race winds up near Copley Square, not far from the landmark Prudential Center and the Boston Public Library. It is held on Patriots Day, which commemorates the first battles of the American Revolution, at Concord and Lexington in 1775.
Boston Police Commissioner Edward Davis asked people to stay indoors or go back to their hotel rooms and avoid crowds as bomb squads methodically checked parcels and bags left along the race route. He said investigators didn't know whether the bombs were hidden in mailboxes or trash cans.
He said authorities had received "no specific intelligence that anything was going to happen" at the race.
The Federal Aviation Administration barred low-flying aircraft within 3.5 miles of the site.
"We still don't know who did this or why," Obama said at the White House, adding, "Make no mistake: We will get to the bottom of this."
With scant official information to guide them, members of Congress said there was little or no doubt it was an act of terrorism.
"We just don't know whether it's foreign or domestic," said Rep. Michael McCaul, R-Texas, chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security.
A few miles away from the finish line and around the same time, a fire broke out at the John F. Kennedy Library. The police commissioner said that it may have been caused by an incendiary device but that it was not clear whether it was related to the bombings.
The first explosion occurred on the north side of Boylston Street, just before the finish line, and some people initially thought it was a celebratory cannon blast.
When the second bomb went off, spectators' cheers turned to screams. As sirens blared, emergency workers and National Guardsmen who had been assigned to the race for crowd control began climbing over and tearing down temporary fences to get to the blast site.
The bombings occurred about four hours into the race and two hours after the men's winner crossed the finish line. By that point, more than 17,000 of the athletes had finished the marathon, but thousands more were still running.
The attack may have been timed for maximum carnage: The four-hour mark is typically a crowded time near the finish line because of the slow-but-steady recreational runners completing the race and because of all the friends and relatives clustered around to cheer them on.
Runners in the medical tent for treatment of dehydration or other race-related ills were pushed out to make room for victims of the bombing.
A woman who was a few feet from the second bomb, Brighid Wall, 35, of Duxbury, said that when it exploded, runners and spectators froze, unsure of what to do. Her husband threw their children to the ground, lay on top of them and another man lay on top of them and said, "Don't get up, don't get up."
After a minute or so without another explosion, Wall said, she and her family headed to a Starbucks and out the back door through an alley. Around them, the windows of the bars and restaurants were blown out.
She said she saw six to eight people bleeding profusely, including one man who was kneeling, dazed, with blood trickling down his head. Another person was on the ground covered in blood and not moving.
"My ears are zinging. Their ears are zinging," Wall said. "It was so forceful. It knocked us to the ground."
___
Associated Press writers Jay Lindsay, Steve LeBlanc, Bridget Murphy, Rodrique Ngowi and Meghan Barr in Boston; Julie Pace, Lara Jakes and Eileen Sullivan in Washington; Paisley Dodds in London and Marilynn Marchione in Milwaukee contributed to this report.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/feds-seek-suspects-motive-boston-bombings-074509929.html
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Marathon bombing kills 3, injures over 140
BOSTON (AP) ? Two bombs exploded in the crowded streets near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on Monday, killing at least three people and injuring more than 140 in a bloody scene of shattered glass and severed limbs that raised alarms that terrorists might have struck again in the U.S.
A White House official speaking on condition of anonymity because the investigation was still unfolding said the attack was being treated as an act of terrorism.
President Barack Obama vowed that those responsible will "feel the full weight of justice."
As many as two unexploded bombs were also found near the end of the 26.2-mile course as part of what appeared to be a well-coordinated attack, but they were safely disarmed, according to a senior U.S. intelligence official, who also spoke on condition of anonymity because of the continuing investigation.
The fiery twin blasts took place about 10 seconds and about 100 yards apart, knocking spectators and at least one runner off their feet, shattering windows and sending dense plumes of smoke rising over the street and through the fluttering national flags lining the route. Blood stained the pavement, and huge shards were missing from window panes as high as three stories.
"They just started bringing people in with no limbs," said runner Tim Davey of Richmond, Va. He said he and his wife, Lisa, tried to shield their children's eyes from the gruesome scene inside a medical tent that had been set up to care for fatigued runners, but "they saw a lot."
"They just kept filling up with more and more casualties," Lisa Davey said. "Most everybody was conscious. They were very dazed."
As the FBI took charge of the investigation, authorities shed no light on a motive or who may have carried out the bombings, and police said they had no suspects in custody. Officials in Washington said there was no immediate claim of responsibility.
WBZ-TV reported late Monday that law enforcement officers were searching an apartment in the Boston suburb of Revere. Massachusetts State Police confirmed that a search warrant related to the investigation into the explosions was served Monday night in Revere but provided no further details.
Police said three people were killed. An 8-year-old boy was among the dead, according to a person who talked to a friend of the family and spoke on condition of anonymity. The person said the boy's mother and sister were also injured as they waited for his father to finish the race.
Hospitals reported at least 144 people injured, at least 17 of them critically. The victims' injuries included broken bones, shrapnel wounds and ruptured eardrums.
At Massachusetts General Hospital, Alisdair Conn, chief of emergency services, said: "This is something I've never seen in my 25 years here ... this amount of carnage in the civilian population. This is what we expect from war."
Some 23,000 runners took part in the race, one of the world's oldest and most prestigious marathons.
One of Boston's biggest annual events, the race winds up near Copley Square, not far from the landmark Prudential Center and the Boston Public Library. It is held on Patriots Day, which commemorates the first battles of the American Revolution, at Concord and Lexington in 1775.
Boston Police Commissioner Edward Davis asked people to stay indoors or go back to their hotel rooms and avoid crowds as bomb squads methodically checked parcels and bags left along the race route. He said investigators didn't know whether the bombs were hidden in mailboxes or trash cans.
He said authorities had received "no specific intelligence that anything was going to happen" at the race.
The Federal Aviation Administration barred low-flying aircraft within 3.5 miles of the site.
"We still don't know who did this or why," Obama said at the White House, adding, "Make no mistake: We will get to the bottom of this."
With scant official information to guide them, members of Congress said there was little or no doubt it was an act of terrorism.
"We just don't know whether it's foreign or domestic," said Rep. Michael McCaul, R-Texas, chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security.
A few miles away from the finish line and around the same time, a fire broke out at the John F. Kennedy Library. The police commissioner said that it may have been caused by an incendiary device but that it was not clear whether it was related to the bombings.
The first explosion occurred on the north side of Boylston Street, just before the finish line, and some people initially thought it was a celebratory cannon blast.
When the second bomb went off, spectators' cheers turned to screams. As sirens blared, emergency workers and National Guardsmen who had been assigned to the race for crowd control began climbing over and tearing down temporary fences to get to the blast site.
The bombings occurred about four hours into the race and two hours after the men's winner crossed the finish line. By that point, more than 17,000 of the athletes had finished the marathon, but thousands more were still running.
The attack may have been timed for maximum carnage: The four-hour mark is typically a crowded time near the finish line because of the slow-but-steady recreational runners completing the race and because of all the friends and relatives clustered around to cheer them on.
Runners in the medical tent for treatment of dehydration or other race-related ills were pushed out to make room for victims of the bombing.
A woman who was a few feet from the second bomb, Brighid Wall, 35, of Duxbury, said that when it exploded, runners and spectators froze, unsure of what to do. Her husband threw their children to the ground, lay on top of them and another man lay on top of them and said, "Don't get up, don't get up."
After a minute or so without another explosion, Wall said, she and her family headed to a Starbucks and out the back door through an alley. Around them, the windows of the bars and restaurants were blown out.
She said she saw six to eight people bleeding profusely, including one man who was kneeling, dazed, with blood trickling down his head. Another person was on the ground covered in blood and not moving.
"My ears are zinging. Their ears are zinging," Wall said. "It was so forceful. It knocked us to the ground."
Competitors and race volunteers were crying as they fled the chaos. Authorities went onto the course to carry away the injured, while race stragglers were rerouted away from the smoking site.
Roupen Bastajian, a state trooper from Smithfield, R.I., had just finished the race when he heard the blasts.
"I started running toward the blast. And there were people all over the floor," he said. "We started grabbing tourniquets and started tying legs. A lot of people amputated. ... At least 25 to 30 people have at least one leg missing, or an ankle missing, or two legs missing."
The race honored the victims of the Newtown, Conn., shooting with a special mile marker in Monday's race.
Boston Athletic Association president Joanne Flaminio previously said there was "special significance" to the fact that the race is 26.2 miles long and 26 people died at Sandy Hook Elementary School.
___
Associated Press writers Jay Lindsay, Steve LeBlanc, Bridget Murphy and Meghan Barr in Boston; Julie Pace, Lara Jakes and Eileen Sullivan in Washington; and Marilynn Marchione in Milwaukee contributed to this report.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/boston-marathon-bombing-kills-3-injures-over-140-022754753--spt.html
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Tuesday, April 16, 2013
Microsoft may bring back start button and boot to desktop for Windows 8.1
It's hardly a secret that the computer-buying public hasn't fallen head over heels for the Windows 8 start screen. In fact, a whole cottage industry has sprung up around returning Windows to its version-7 glory. The latest rumors indicate that Microsoft may be moving to squash these apps, by enabling 8.1 to boot directly to the desktop and reinstating the start button. Code recently dug up in a DLL, buried within the bowels of a leaked version of Windows Blue strongly suggests that this relatively minor revision of the desktop and tablet OS could offer users a way to skip the live tiles and go right to the familiar UI of Windows past. An entry for "CanSuppressStartScreen" was found by quite a few different forum users in the TwinUI.dll file. Unfortunately, we were unable to confirm this ourselves. While there's no hard evidence for a return of the start button just yet, the reliable Mary Jo Foley has heard from at least one source that Redmond is considering bringing the little logo orb back. Of course, nothing is certain yet. There's no guarantee that either feature will actually make it into the final version of Windows 8.1, but we're sure at least a few of you have your fingers crossed.
Filed under: Desktops, Tablets, Software, Microsoft
Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/16/microsoft-may-bring-back-start-button-and-desktop/
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Report finds lax oversight of specialty pharmacies
WASHINGTON (AP) ? Congressional investigators say pharmacy boards in nearly all 50 states lack the information and expertise to oversee specialty pharmacies like the one that triggered a deadly meningitis outbreak last year.
A report released Monday by House Democrats shows that most states do not track or routinely inspect compounding pharmacies. Staffers surveyed officials in 50 states about their oversight of pharmacies and then compiled the responses.
The findings come as lawmakers debate how to prevent another outbreak like that caused by the New England Compounding Center, a Massachusetts compounding pharmacy. Contaminated injections distributed by the company last year have killed more than 50 people and sickened hundreds more.
Compounding pharmacies, which mix customized medications based on doctors' prescriptions, have traditionally been overseen by state pharmacy boards. But the growth of larger compounding pharmacies like the NECC, which mass-produced and distributed thousands of vials of drugs across the U.S., has prompted calls for more federal oversight.
The report from Democrats on the House Energy and Commerce Committee argues that state regulators are not adequately policing the space, and that the Food and Drug Administration should be given direct authority over the pharmacies.
"In states from coast to coast, compounding pharmacies are going untracked, unregulated, and under-inspected, exposing patients everywhere to tainted drugs, disease and death," said Rep. Ed Markey, D-Mass, in a statement. Markey represents the congressional district where NECC is located.
Of the 49 states that responded to the inquiry, only officials from Missouri and Mississippi could provide the exact number of compounding pharmacies in their state. Missouri and Mississippi were also the only two states that require permits or licenses for pharmacies that perform compounding.
None of the states indicated that they track whether pharmacies sell compounded drugs across state lines or in large quantities. That kind of mass production was a key issue in the case of NECC, which shipped more than 17,600 doses of its pain injection to 23 states.
Investigators found that many states do not keep any inspection records of compounding pharmacies. Twenty-two states, or 44 percent, said they do not keep histories of problems like contamination, cleanliness and drug potency. Other states said they use a combination of inspection reports, complaints and "staff recollections," to track problematic pharmacies.
On average, most pharmacy boards have five inspectors responsible for visiting all the pharmacies in the state. Budgets vary greatly from state to state, with Nevada providing $3,000 in funding for each pharmacy in the state and Indiana providing with less than $200 per pharmacy. Only 19 states train inspectors to recognize problems with sterile compounding, which is considered the riskiest type of compounding because it requires highly sanitary conditions and complicated production techniques.
"This report clearly indicates what we've known for quite some time ? that there is no clear, functioning, or uniform process for all 50 states to manage and oversee compounding pharmacies," said Rep. John Dingell, D-Mich., in a statement. Dingell's office helped conduct the survey.
The findings will likely come into play on Tuesday, when a House investigative committee holds its second hearing on the meningitis outbreak. Republicans on that committee have argued that the FDA could have shut down the NECC using its existing powers. Lobbyists for the compounding industry generally share that view, and have fought proposals to give the federal government more authority over compounding for decades.
Last week House Democrats released dozens of documents from the International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists, the industry's leading trade group. The documents include internal memos to members suggesting how they deal with FDA inspectors, in particular: "when a pharmacist should NOT provide certain information to the FDA," and "when pharmacists should draw the line and discontinue the visit and call their attorney."
Democrats on the House Energy & Commerce Committee suggested the CEO of the trade group should testify at Tuesday's hearing. However, Democratic staffers said late last week they had not received a response on that request from Republicans, who control the chamber.
FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg is schedule to testify.
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